The Park is located on Adobe Road near Casa Grande Blvd. See the Area Map
Petaluma Adobe, preserved in Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park in Sonoma County, is one of the oldest preserved buildings in Northern California which was by all accounts the largest and richest privately owned Mexican estates north of San Francisco Bay and one of the most important in Alta California. Exact boundaries of the rancho were of great debate especially after U.S. take-over of California in 1846.
Authentic furniture and interpretive displays in Petaluma Adobe make it possible to visualize many aspects of life on Vallejo's sprawling rancho, but it should be remembered that the center of activity in this region during the 1830's and 40's was over the hills in the town of Sonoma. Vallejo himself lived on the rancho for only brief periods at certain times of the year. He relied on his majordomo, Miguel Alvarado, to oversee day-to-day activities on the rancho. Your visit to the Petaluma Adobe will therefore be more meaningful and enjoyable if you also visit Vallejo's home and headquarters in the town of Sonoma. Today, those buildings as well as several others including Sonoma Mission make up Sonoma State Historic Park. They are about a 20-minute drive from Petaluma Adobe.
History - The Mexican Period
During the years when California was a thinly populated frontier province
belonging to the Republic of Mexico, the economy of this region was dominated by the hide
and tallow trade. Vast herds of long-horned cattle dotted the range and the number of
private ranchos increased rapidly. Between 1822 and 1846, more than 800 California land
grants were made to individuals by the Mexican government.
Rancho Petaluma was one of those grants. Ideally situated, with an excellent water supply,
gentle climate and rich soil, Rancho Petaluma originally consisted of ten leagues or about
44,000 acres. The land grant that first established the rancho was made in June 1834 by
Governor Jose Figueroa.
Bust of Mariano Vallejo at Adobe State Park
The grantee was 27-year-old Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, who was then commandant of the
presidio at San Francisco. The grant was intended to reward and further encourage
Vallejo's leadership in settling the area north of San Francisco Bay. In fact, the
governor also made Vallejo the "military commandant and director of colonization for
the northern frontier," and instructed him to move his military headquarters to
Sonoma. In a confidential letter to Vallejo at this time, Governor Figueroa made it clear
that increased Mexican activity on the northern frontier was necessary to meet the threat
of Russian settlement in those fertile valleys that lay just north of San Francisco Bay
and just inland from the Russian establishment at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross.
In 1844, another Mexican-born governor of California, Manuel Micheltorena, confirmed
Figueroa's original grant and added another five leagues to it to bring the total acreage
to more than 66,000 acres. The rancho then stretched eastward from Petaluma Creek over the
hills and down to Sonoma Creek, including all land that lay between those two waterways
from the edge of San Francisco Bay to approximately the present site of Glen Ellen. This
was only one of General Vallejo's ranchos. By early 1846, he held title to some 175,000
acres including the site of the present-day cities of Vallejo and Benicia, both of which
he helped to found.
Soon after receiving the original grant in 1834, Vallejo started building houses, corrals,
and other needed improvements. A commanding site on a knoll overlooking Petaluma Valley
was chosen for the rancho's main building. Construction of the massive adobe began in
April 1836 and continued steadily over the years, but was still not complete in 1846 when
California's Mexican era abruptly ended. All of the original lumber used in the building
was redwood, most of it hand-hewn, although some was processed by Stephen Smith's sawmill
at Bodega Bay - the first steam powered sawmill on the Pacific Coast. Only part of the
walls were ever plastered and whitewashed, but the wide, covered verandahs that completely
encircled the house gave the adobe walls adequate protection from the weather. The
original thatched roof was replaced in the early 1840s when an American immigrant by the
name of George Yount was commissioned to provide hand split shingles and put a new,
all-wood roof on the adobe building. As a reward for this and other accomplishments,
Vallejo gave Yount a land grant of some 12,000 acres in the Napa Valley where Yountville
stands today.
Since the huge adobe building was constructed over a period of years in a time when the
products of the industrial revolution were beginning to arrive in California, machine-cut
nails, cast-iron hinges, and glass have been found side by side with wooden pegs,
hand-forged hardware, and rawhide. During the 1830s and 1840s, the adobe was nearly twice
as large as it is today. The portion of the building that remains standing today was
matched by another wing so that the whole complex formed a quadrangle around a central
courtyard. Historical photographs, archeological investigations, and various historical
descriptions of the old building all indicate that the missing wing of the building
contained many rooms and was roughly equivalent in size to the portion of the building
that remains today. It is estimated that about 85% of the present walls and 20% of the
woodwork is original.
The main economic activity of the rancho revolved around the hide and tallow trade. The
mild climate and luxuriant grasslands of California made cattle raising extraordinarily
easy and profitable. As a result, cattle hides became so common an item of exchange that
they were often referred to as "California bank notes." Rancheros throughout
California used the tallow - rendered from the fat of the slaughtered cattle and hides to
trade with the English, American, and other foreign merchants whose ships cruised the
coast of California. In return, the rancheros obtained many kinds of manufactured goods
and other commodities from the U.S.A., Europe, the Orient, and other parts of the world.
But Rancho Petaluma was far more than just a cattle ranch. Hundreds of Indian laborers
lived on the ranch and worked at the trades they had learned at Sonoma Mission. They
tended large herds of horses, sheep, and cattle. (As many as 3,000 sheep were shorn each
year. They also planted and cared for great crops of wheat, barley, and corn, which they
harvested and stored in the adobe both for local use and for trade purposes. Other crops
such as beans, peas, lentils, and other vegetables were grown in abundance for daily use
on the rancho.
In addition to storage space, the great adobe housed a variety of processing and
manufacturing operations. Carpeting, blankets, and other materials were woven, clothing
was made, and blacksmiths turned out horseshoes, spurs, hand-made nails, tools and other
metal items. Nearby, a tannery produced finished leather for use in making saddles,
bridles, and other leather goods.
The so-called "Bear Flag Revolt" brought a sudden end to the rancho's great
period of prosperity under General Vallejo. In June 1846, Vallejo himself was captured by
the Bear Flaggers and held prisoner for several weeks at Sutter's Fort. Meanwhile, the
rancho was stripped of its horses, cattle, and other provisions by John C. Fremont who was
then in the north Bay Area outfitting his "California Battalion" for the
campaign against Jose Castro, Andreas and Pio Pico, and other native Californians who had
decided to resist U.S. takeover of California. Along with horses, cattle, and supplies,
the rancho also lost much of its labor force as many of the Indians ran away at this time
and never returned.
Ranching activities were resumed once the political situation settled down somewhat. Under
U.S. rule, however, it was not possible to operate the great rancho in the old way. In
September 1850, Vallejo leased it out to a group of French colonists, and in subsequent
years other arrangements were made in an effort to salvage some part of the rancho
investment In 1857, faced with an ever increasing number of "squatters," and
plagued by other legal and financial problems, Vallejo decided to sell the adobe and some
of the land around it.
During the 1860s, serious consideration was given to using the site as a new campus for
the fledgling University of California. After a survey and much discussion, however,
another site was chosen. Vallejo subsequently sold off his holdings in the area for ranch
purposes. Thereafter, in the hands of various owners, the big adobe began to fall into
disrepair and semi-abandonment.
In the spring of 1880, when Vallejo was 72 years old and living in comfortable but much
reduced circumstances, he decided to travel over the hills from Sonoma and take a look at
the Petaluma Adobe. Shortly afterward, he described his trip in a letter one of his sons.
"I ordered a picture taken of what was my old house, which I had not visited for some
thirty years and, although almost in ruins, it nevertheless doesn't fail to show what it
was in those days. It is a sad memory, but one bows to that which says that 'all is
perishable in this world.' I compare that old relic with myself and the comparison is an
exact one; ruins and dilapidation. What a difference between then and now. Then youth
strength, and riches; now age, weakness, and poverty."
In 1910 the Petaluma Adobe was purchased by the Petaluma Chapter of the Native Sons of the
Golden West who managed to preserve the remaining half of the building until 1951. In that
year the people of California took title to the building. Shortly afterward, a great wind
storm carried away the roof and left the adobe walls exposed to the weather. Responding to
this emergency situation, park system employees quickly devised temporary protective
measures to keep the adobe walls from melting, and then early in 1952 replaced the roof,
and began an ambitious, long-range program of restoration and historical interpretation.
Today the building is registered national history landmark, and is listed as state
historical Landmark number l8. Many of the rooms have been furnished with authentic,
rancho period furniture and equipment. Exhibits in the visitor center make it possible to
visualize some of the early-day ranch activities that once took place here. The building
is open to the public almost every day of the year. Arrangements for guided tours for
school and other groups should be made by contacting the park staff at least two weeks in
advance of your proposed arrival date.
Questions or comments: petadobe@parks.ca.gov
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